Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths, comprising nearly 25% of all cancer deaths. The five-year survival rate of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remains significantly low given that over half present with locally advanced or metastatic disease at time of diagnosis, and experience tumor recurrence following therapeutic intervention. Current evaluation techniques to assess treatment response are lacking, given they are implemented several weeks after treatment completion and are solely based on anatomical changes in tumor size, forgoing other criteria such as functional or metabolic changes. There is a critical need to identify surrogate markers early on following diagnosis that aid in distinguishing patients based on their long-term outcome. Two photon microscopy (TPM) provides non-invasive high-resolution information on cell metabolism within tissue, and can be employed to image nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), metabolic cofactors, to characterize the metabolic profiles of cancerous tissue. The primary objective of this project is to utilize the optical redox ratio of FAD/(NADH+FAD) autofluorescence and NADH fluorescence lifetime imaging to identify measurable differences in optical metabolic endpoints of treatment-naïve human NSCLC that are indicative of their long-term outcome.